Prepositions of Place

                              

The ball is on the box                                         The ball is behind the box

                              

The ball is in the box                                          The ball is under the box

                     

The ball is next to the box                                 The ball is in front of the box

Conditional Perfect Progressive

Use
We use it for something that might have happened in the past.
We use it in the main clause in type III of the if clauses.

Form
would + have + been + infinitive + ing

Example
Maria would have been singing if there had been more people in the church.

Conditional Perfect

Use
We use it for something that might have happened in the past.
We use it in the main clause in type III of the if clauses.

Form
would + have + past participle
past participle -> (infinitive + -ed) or (3rd column of the table of the irregular verbs)

Example
I would have phoned you if you hadn't switched your mobile off.

Conditional Progressive

Use
We use it for something that might happen.
We use it in the main clause in type II of the Conditional sentences.

Form
would + infinitive

Example
I would fly to Sydney if I had the money.

Conditional Simple

Use
We use it for something that might happen.
We use it in the main clause in type II of the Conditional sentences.

Form
would + infinitive

Example
I would fly to Sydney if I had the money.

Descriptive

1. Social Function
    To describe a particular person, place, or thing.

2. Generic structure
     - Identification (pengenalan subjek)

     - Descriptions (ciri-ciri subjek, misalnya tampilan fisik, kualitas, perilaku umum, dan sifat-sifat.

3. Significant Lexicogrammatical Features / Isi Kebahasaan

    - nouns tertentu, misalnya tescher, house, my cat

    - menggunakan simple present tense

    - deteiled noun phrase untuk memberikan informasi tentang subjek

    - berbagai macam adjectives, yang bersifat describing, numbering, classifying

    - relating verbs untuk memberikan informasi tentang subject

    - thinking verbs dan feeling verbs untuk mengungkapkan pandangan pribadi penulis tentang subjek

    - action verbs

    - adverbials, untuk memberikan informasi tambahan trntang perilaku tersebut

    - bahasa figurative

Elliptical Constructions

Merupakan penggabungan dua kalimat majemuk setara yang berpredikat sama yang berarti "juga".

1. SO and TOO

    Menggabungkan dua kalimat positif yang bersubjek sama.

Kalimat utama and + so aux subjek

Kalimat utama and + subjek aux too

    eg :

• Mrs. Darmawan teaches English. Mr Yanuar teaches English.

- Mrs. Darmawan teaches English and so does Mr. Yanuar.

- Mrs. Darmawan teaches English and Mr. Yanuar does too.

• Helena was my classmate. Danny was my classmate.

- Helena was my classmate and so was Danny.

- Helena was my classmate and Danny was too.

2. NEITHER and EITHER

    Menggabungkan dua kalimat negative yang

Question Tags

Yaitu pertanyaan penegas untuk mempertegas suatu pernyataan (... kan, ... bukan)
1. Kalimat utama positif, tag-nya negatif
   
          Positive statement, auxn't subject?
    eg:

• Running is the cheapest sport, isn't it?
• The workers must work night and day due to the deadline of the project, mustn't they?

2. Kalimat utama negatif, tag-nya positif

          Negative statement, aux subject?
    eg:

• Sheila hasn't known about the news, has she?
• We are not allowed to yell at kids, are we?

3. Never, no, seldom, rarely, barely, scarcely, almost never, hardly dianggap negatif, tag-nya positif
    eg:

• The rules in the dormitary have never been reviewed since this building was built, have they?
• You can barely tell who is to blame when an afair is happening, can you?

***Catatan

1. Auxiliaries :

• am, is, are
• was, were
• do, does (verb 1)
• did (verb 2)
• have, has, had (diikuti verb 3 (perfect tense))
• modal verbs

    eg :

• The students are going to have a picnic, aren't you?
• Your mother will come to my house this evening, won't you?

2. Exeptions :

• Subject :

- everyone

- everybody

- anybody

- nobody

- no one

Diganti menjadi "they" 

eg : Everyone must finish the homework, mustn't they? 

•  Subject :

- everything

- something

- onething

- nothing 

  Diganti menjadi "it"

eg : Something must be done on this case, mustn't it? 

• Kalimat utama perintah atau larangan, tag-nya "will you?"

eg :

- Don't forget to write me, will you?

- Let me go, will you? 

• Kalimat utama diawali I am atau I'm, tag-nya "aren't I?"

eg : 

- I am pretty, aren't I?

- I am not your friend, am I?

• Kalimat utama ajakan (let's / let us), tag-nya "shall we?"

eg : 

- Let's go home, shall we?

- Let's not bother that kid, shall we?